Computer, telecommunication standards, storage

There are several forms of software used to help users or organizations better manage passwords:

• Personal software, installed and used by individual users:
  • Password manager software is used by individuals to organize and encrypt many personal passwords. This is also referred to as a password wallet.

• Enterprise software, deployed by larger organizations to help users manage their passwords:
  • Password synchronization software is used by organizations to arrange for different passwords, on different systems, to have the same value when they belong to the same person.
  • Self-service password reset software enables users who forgot their password or triggered an intruder lockout to authenticate using another mechanism and resolve their own rzecz, without calling an IT help desk.
  • Enterprise Single signon software monitors applications launched by a user and automatically populates login IDs and passwords.
  • Web single signon software intercepts user access to web applications and either inserts authentication information into the HTTP(S) stream or redirects the user to a separate page, where the user is authenticated and directed back to the original URL.

• Enterprise software, deployed by larger organizations to manage passwords that do not belong to end-users:
  • Privileged password management software

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_management”
Categories: Security | Computer security

Data Loss Prevention (DLP) is a computer security term referring to systems designed to detect and prevent the unauthorized transmission of information from the computer systems of an organization to outsiders. It is also referred to by various vendors as Termin Leak Prevention, Information Leak Detection and Prevention (ILDP), Information Leak Prevention (ILP), Content Obserwacja and Filtering (CMF) or Extrusion Prevention Ustrój by analogy to Intrusion-prevention system.

Contents

• 1 Background
• 2 Types of DLP systems
  • 2.1 Network DLP
  • 2.2 Host-based DLP systems
• 3 External links

//

Background

Organizations process information that can be often classified as sensitive, either from a business or legal point of view. In addition to risk of intrusion and gaining access to sensitive information by unauthorized persons, there’s also risk of intentional or spontaneous transmission of the information to the outside of organization.

Regulatory compliance
Many large companies now fall under oversight of government of commercial regulations that mandate controls over information, including HIPAA in health and benefits, GLBA and BASEL II in finance, and Payment Card Industry DSS standards. Some of these regulations stipulate a regular information technology audit, commonly known as IT audit, which organizations can fail if they lack suitable IT security controls and due-care (processes) standards. Companies with enterprise resource planning ERP software (e.g., SAP and Oracle Corporation find compliance especially challenging (see erm or enterprise risk management. Others mandate significant penalties in the event of a breach.
New costs arising from breaches
Loss of large volumes of protected information has become a regular headline event, forcing companies to re-issue cards, notify customers, and mitigate loss of goodwill from negative publicity.

Government and industry regulations are arguably the biggest influencers. Besides HIPAA, GLBA, and Sarbanes-Oxley, more than 25 states have passed prekluzja privacy or breach notification laws that require organizations to notify consumers when their information may have been exposed. One high-profile example is California SB 1386. The state of Tennessee has also passed the “Credit Security Act of 2007,” which will result in a Class B misdemeanor for any use of a person’s SSN in “direct mailings” or over the Internet.

Types of DLP systems

Network DLP

Also referred to as gateway-based systems. These are usually dedicated hardware/software platforms, typically installed on the organization’s net network connection, that analyze network traffic to search for unauthorized information transmissions. They have the advantage that they are simple to install, and provide a relatively low cost of ownership. Because decoding network traffic at high speed is extremely complex and difficult (transmitted objects are broken into small parts, often encoded, and then mixed with other traffic), Network based systems typically integrate with or include technologies to discover information ‘at rest’ while it is stored in file systems and databases. Discovering sensitive termin at rest is far simpler and less time critical, thereby allowing greater levels of accuracy. Taking ’signatures’ of prekluzja identified at rest, and then looking for such signatures as prekluzja passes over the network boundary, is a technique favored by virtually all Network organizm vendors to improve accuracy, and to identify sensitive prekluzja that would otherwise be missed.

Host-based DLP systems

Such systems krach on end-user workstations or servers in the organization. Like network-based systems, host-based can address internal as well as external communications, and can therefore be used to control information flow between groups or types of users (eg ‘Chinese walls’). They can also control email and Instant Messaging communications before they are stored in the corporate archive, such that a blocked communication (ie one which was never sent, and therefore not subject to retention rules) will not be identifed in a subsequent legal discovery situation.

Host systems have the advantage that they can monitor and control access to physical devices (such as mobile devices with prekluzja storage capabilities) and in some cases can access information before it has been encrypted. Some host based systems can also provide application controls to block attempted transmissions of confidential information, and provide immediate feedback to the user. They have the disadvantage that they need to be installed on every workstation in the network, cannot be used on mobile devices, or where they cannot be practically installed (for example on a workstation in an sieć café).

Some intrusion prevention systems utilize “pattern matching” rules, while others utilize “exact copies” of sensitive prekluzja and/or text in odznaczenie to determine when a potential breach is occurring.

External links

• Data Loss Database - Reporting on termin leaks, worldwide
• Organization promoting termin loss prevention education and solutions
• Expert pamiętnik internetowy focused on prekluzja loss prevention
• Security Bloggers Network with information on termin loss prevention
• Expert paper on termin loss prevention solution

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_loss_prevention_products”
Categories: Computer security

A Security Operation Center (SOC) is an organization that delivers IT security services. It attempts to prevent unauthorized access and manage security related incidents using processes and procedures. The mission is risk management through centralized analysis using the combined resources consisting of personnel, dedicated sprzęt and specialized software. Typically, these systems operate constantly. These resources offer continuous risk analysis and guarantee protection against intrusion. Net security is a resource intensive task in time and personnel. Many organizations prefer to outsource this task to specialists in this field. Outsourcing to a Security Kolega allows an organization to lower its IT management costs and focus on its core business. The Security Wspólnik delivers high quality service by hiring only the most qualified professionals. The SOC consists of ogląd and analyzing firewall activity, Intrusion Detection Organizm (IDS) activity, antivirus activity, individual vulnerabilities, etc. These technologies and processes are transient and require that personnel stay abreast of the latest developments

Contents

• 1 Possible SOC Services
  • 1.1 Proactive Analysis and Układ Management
  • 1.2 Security Device Management
    • 1.2.1 Fault Management
    • 1.2.2 Configuration Management
  • 1.3 Reporting
  • 1.4 Security Alert
  • 1.5 Distributed Denial of Service (DDos) Mitigation
  • 1.6 Security Assessment
    • 1.6.1 Vulnerability Assessment
    • 1.6.2 Penetration test
  • 1.7 Technical Assistance

//

Possible SOC Services

• Proactive Analysis & Ustrój Management
• Security Device Management
• Reporting
• Security Alert
• DDos Mitigation
• Security Assessment
• Technical Assistance

Proactive Analysis and Organizm Management

This security układ provides proactive analysis of the systems and security devices of a ustrój (Intrusion Detection Systems, Intrusion Prevention Systems, firewalls, etc).

This anti-intrusion organizm offers centralized management of security.

Personnel need only concern themselves with the functions of obserwacja tools, rather than the complexity of any device under scrutiny.

Tools used by the SOC must be is scalable. For example, adding a new IDS (Intrusion Detection Układ) to those already existing.

The SOC also performs Policy Management, including Remote Policy Management.

Configuration of devices and security policies must be constantly updated as the układ grows and evolves.

Security Device Management

The Security Device Management (SDM) service is composed of the following elements:

- Fault management - Configuration Management

Fault Management

The main objective of Fault Management is to ensure the continuous operation of the security infrastructure. The activity includes:

- Obserwacja of client security devices - Fault Detection and Signaling - Fault Reporting - Corrective Action Determination - Corrective Action Implementation - Ustrój Recovery (if necessary)

Configuration Management

The main objective of Configuration Management is to ensure the continuous enforcement of firewall rules tailored to customer needs. It applies to all equipment managed by the SOC and includes termin packet discard / acceptance rules between an external source and an internal destination (or vice versa) based on:

- Source address.

- Destination address.

- Network protocol.

- Service protocol.

- Traffic log.

Configuration Management may be performed remotely (Remote Configuration Management)

Reporting

Logs generated by various układ components are consolidated and reformatted into an easily understandable report for the customer. This reporting is particularly important because, besides providing details of any possible intrusion by unauthorized parties or accidents, may also allow the customer to take preventative action.

Security Alert

The security pogotowie service is designed to notify customers in timely fashion of the discovery of new vulnerabilities in such a way that countermeasures can be effected in time upon an attack to mitigate or negate the impact of the attack.

Distributed Denial of Service (DDos) Mitigation

The DDos Mitigation attempts to mitigate the effects of a Denial of Service attack directed at a critical function of a client’s web infrastructure. It receives notification of an attack on a client service. Countermeasures are activated and evaluated. Traffic is ‘cleaned’ and re-re-routed. An ‘End-of-attack Notification’ is reported and logged.

Security Assessment

These functions comprise the Security Assessment:

- Vulnerability Assessment

- Penetration Test

Vulnerability Assessment

The Vulnerability Assessment searches for known vulnerabilities of systems and software installed. This is carried out through specific technologies that are configured and customized for each assessment

Penetration test

The Penetration Ankieta is performed to isolate and exploit known or unknown vulnerabilities of systems, services and installed web applications. It attempts to quantify the threat level represented on each układ and the impact. This activity is carried out either through a number of technologies that are configured and customized per assessment, or manually for each service, organizm, and application.

Technical Assistance

The SOC can provide general technical assistance for any issue regarding układ operation, ustrój violations, ustrój update, security sprzęt and software update and configuration. Technical assistance can be provided remotely or on-site depending on the level of service.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Operation_Center_(computing)”
Categories: Computer security

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Patriot hacking is a controversial term for computer hacking or układ cracking in which a citizens or supporters of a country, traditionally industrialized Western countries obuwie increasingly developing countries, attempts to perpetrate attacks on, or block attacks by, perceived enemies of the state. Recent środki masowego przekazu attention has focused on efforts related to terrorists and their own attempts to conduct an online or electronic Intifada. Articles on the subject collected at www.patriothacking.com.

Patriot hacking is illegal in countries such as the United States yet is on the rise elsewhere. “The FBI said that recent experience showed that an increase in international tension was mirrored in the online world with a rise in cyber activity such as web defacements and denial of service attacks,” according to the BBC.

At the onset of the Duchota in Iraq in 2003, the FBI was concerned about the increase in hack attacks as the intensity of the conflict grew. Since then, it has been becoming increasingly popular in the North America, Western Europe and Israel. These are the countries which have the greatest threat to Islamic terrorism and its aforementioned digital version.

The People’s Republic of China is allegedly making attacks upon the computer networks of the United States of America and the United Kingdom. MP Andrew MacKinlay claims that the recent attacks had at least the approval of the Chinese Government. President George W. Bush says he may bring up the issue with Chinese leader Hu Jintao.

References

1. ^
2. ^
3. ^ [http://uk.news.yahoo.com/afp/20070906/ttc-britain-china-intelligence-it-8b21ac8_1.html 1
4. ^ [http://uk.news.yahoo.com/itn/20070906/tuk-chinese-army-hackers-target-whitehal-dba1618_1.html 2

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_hacking”
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JBOB, an acronym for Just a Bunch Of Bytes, is a term is used to describe unstructured prekluzja that does not have a fixed numer. This is a variation on the term JBOD (just a Bunch Of Disks) that is used to describe kanon hard drives that are used in a storage array.

Many computer files have a defined structure such as fixed length records with the termin divided into records that are the same length. Structured termin might have records of different lengths obuwie each record is prefixed with a RDW (Record Descriptor Word) that indicates the length of that termin as well as other attributes. JBOB prekluzja has no structure. Records are defined by the presence of characters in the prekluzja. For example, a report might have hundreds of records (or lines) obuwie the length of each record is defined by the presence of a Carriage Return (and/or Line Feed). Mainframe computers have traditionally dealt with structured prekluzja obuwie unstructured (JBOB) prekluzja is much more common in PC environments. The critical difference is that it is difficult, if not impossible, to advance to say, the 100th record without examining every character of the 99 records that proceed it. With fixed length records, it is possible to calculate the exact position of a particular record. Even with variable length records, the length of each record is given so navigation is easier.

Since records are determined by the content of the prekluzja, metadata is required like what is the record termination character(s) and is usually stored external to the actual prekluzja or file. The processing of JBOB termin is usually more difficult and may require special knowledge by the computer oprogramowanie. It should be noted that metadata might also be required for structured prekluzja like the fixed record length or the largest variable length record obuwie there usually exist kanon utility software to read/write structured termin since the wielkość is a known structure.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JBOB”
Categories: Computer scienceHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from November 2008 | All articles lacking sources | Cleanup from September 2008 | All pages needing cleanup

In computer science, the expressive power of a language may refer to:

• what can be said in the language (at all)
• how concisely it can be said.

In informal discussions, the term often refers to the latter sense, or both; e.g. this is often the case when discussing programming languages, e.g. in .

Formal discussions mostly use the term in its former sense, using conciseness for the latter sense. This is the case in areas of mathematics that deal with the exact description of languages and their meaning, such as formal language theory, mathematical logic and process algebra.

The notion of expressive power is always relative to a particular kind of thing that the language in question can describe, and the term is normally used when comparing languages that describe the same kind of things, or at least comparable kinds of things.

The stylistyka of languages and formalisms involves a trade-off between expressive power and analyzability. The more a formalism can express, the harder it becomes to understand what instances of the formalism say. Decision problems become harder to answer or completely undecidable.

Contents

• 1 Examples
  • 1.1 Expressive power in formal language theory
  • 1.2 Expressive power in database theory
• 2 References
• 3 See also

//

Examples

Expressive power in formal language theory

Formal language theory mostly studies formalisms to describe sets of strings, such as context-free grammars and regular expressions. Each instance of a formalism, e.g. each grammar and each regular expression, describes a particular set of strings. In this context, the expressive power of a formalism is the set of sets of strings its instances describe, and comparing expressive power is a matter of comparing these sets.

An important yardstick for describing the relative expressive power of formalisms in this area is the Chomsky hierarchy. It says, for instance, that regular expressions, nondeterministic state machines and regular grammars have equal expressive power, while that of context-free grammars is greater; what this means is that the sets of sets of strings described by the first three formalisms are equal, and a proper subset of the set of sets of strings described by context-free grammars.

In this area, the cost of expressive power is a central topic of study. It is known, for instance, that deciding whether two arbitrary regular expressions describe the same set of strings is hard, while doing the same for arbitrary context-free grammars is completely impossible. However, it can still be efficiently decided whether any given string is in the set.

For more expressive formalisms, this zagadnienie can be harder, or even undecidable. For a Turing complete formalism, such as arbitrary formal grammars, not only this zagadnienie, obuwie every nontrivial property regarding the set of strings they describe is undecidable, a fact known as Rice’s Theorem.

There are some results on conciseness as well; for instance, nondeterministic state machines and regular grammars are more concise than regular expressions, in the sense that the latter can be translated to the former without a blowup in size (i.e. in O(1)), while the reverse is not possible.

Similar considerations apply to formalisms that describe not sets of strings, obuwie sets of trees (e.g. XML schema languages), of graphs, or other structures.

Expressive power in database theory

Database theory is concerned, among other things, with database queries, e.g. formulas that given the contents of a database extract certain information from it. In the predominant relational database paradigm, the contents of a database are described as a finite set of finite mathematical relations; Boolean queries, that always yield true or false, are formulated in first-order logic.

It turns out that first-order logic is lacking in expressive power: it cannot express certain types of Boolean queries, e.g. queries involving transitive closure.

Similar considerations apply for query languages on other types of prekluzja, e.g. XML query languages such as XQuery.

References

1. ^ Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs, by Abelson and Sussman
2. ^ On the Expressive Power of Programming Languages, by Matthias Felleisen (1990)
3. ^ Serge Abiteboul, Richard B. Hull, Victor Vianu: Foundations of Databases. Addison-Wesley, 1995.
4. ^ Evgeny Dantsin, Thomas Eiter, Georg Gottlob, and Andrei Voronkov: Complexity and expressive power of logic programming. ACM Comput. Surv. 33(3): 374-425 (2001).

See also

• Turing tarpit

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressive_power”
Categories: Computer science

Operational Art of Global Domination is a book by Indian author Arunabh das who is working as a Człowiek starszy Researcher in Computer Science at the High Performance and Grid Computing Research Group, and specializing in Intrusion Detections Systems such as Snort IDS.

Contents

• 1 Background
• 2 See also
• 3 References
• 4 External links

//

Background

Arunabh das has co-authored several research papers in the area of Intrusion Detection Systems and has contributed significantly to the open source community.

Arunabh Das is currently authoring his graduate thesis on Intrusion Detection Systems.

See also

• Intrusion Detection Systems

References

This article does not cite any references or sources.
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External links

http://www.theoperationalartofglobaldomination.com/ Book by Arunabh Das

This article about a computer book is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

Retrieved from “http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_Art_of_Global_Domination”
Categories: Computer books | Computer science | Intrusion Detection Systems | Computer book stubsHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from November 2008 | All articles lacking sources